Anatomy and physiology of hypertension. Anatomy and physiology of hypertension case study Free Essays 2023-01-06
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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common condition that occurs when the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is too high. It is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease, and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of hypertension can help individuals recognize the signs and symptoms, and seek appropriate treatment to manage the condition.
The blood vessels, or arteries, in the human body are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The force of the blood against the walls of the arteries is known as blood pressure. Normal blood pressure is typically defined as a reading of less than 120/80 mmHg. If the blood pressure is consistently higher than this, it is considered high, or hypertensive.
There are several factors that can contribute to the development of hypertension. These include genetics, age, obesity, unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, stress, and tobacco and alcohol use. Some individuals may also have an underlying medical condition, such as kidney disease or sleep apnea, that can contribute to hypertension.
The physiology of hypertension involves the complex interplay of various systems in the body, including the circulatory system, the nervous system, and the endocrine system. The circulatory system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, and the arteries play a key role in this process. When the blood vessels become narrowed or constricted, it can increase the resistance to blood flow and lead to an increase in blood pressure.
The nervous system also plays a role in regulating blood pressure. The sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response to stress, can stimulate the release of hormones that constrict the blood vessels and increase blood pressure. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, helps to relax the blood vessels and lower blood pressure.
The endocrine system, which consists of glands that produce hormones, can also affect blood pressure. For example, the adrenal glands produce hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, which can constrict the blood vessels and increase blood pressure. The thyroid gland produces hormones that can affect the body's metabolism, which can also affect blood pressure.
Treatment for hypertension typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, and medication. Lifestyle changes may include reducing salt intake, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, and getting regular physical activity. Medications, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and beta blockers, can help to lower blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels and decreasing the heart's workload.
In conclusion, hypertension is a common condition that occurs when the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is too high. It is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease, and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of hypertension can help individuals recognize the signs and symptoms, and seek appropriate treatment to manage the condition.
What is the anatomy and physiology of hypertension?
Blood vessels become less elastic and more rigid as patients age, which reduces vasodilatation and increases systemic vascular resistance, leading to a higher systolic blood pressure often with a normal diastolic pressure. Trott DW, Thabet SR, Kirabo A, Saleh MA, Itani H, Norlander AE, Wu J, Goldstein A, Arendshorst WJ, Madhur MS, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. What are the mechanisms of vascular pathophysiology present because of hypertension? Although cardiac muscles can beat independently, the muscle cells in the different areas of the heart have different rhythms. This leads to a reduction in the systolic pressure while maintaining diastolic pressure and perfusion. Angiotensin II-dependent increased expression of Na+-glucose cotransporter in hypertension.
Anatomy and physiology of hypertension case study Free Essays
Define the terms anatomy and physiology. This may be through increased cardiac output, increased systemic vascular resistance, or both. Macrophages regulate salt-dependent volume and blood pressure by a vascular endothelial growth factor-C-dependent buffering mechanism. Two-week administration of tempol attenuates both hypertension and renal excretion of 8-Iso prostaglandin f2alpha. In contrast, secondary hypertension is caused by identifiable underlying conditions, including renal artery stenosis, pheochromocytoma, adrenal adenoma, or single-gene mutations. Coleman TG, Granger HJ, Guyton AC.
A constant feature of this approach to understanding hypertension is that the various nodes are interdependent and that these almost certainly vary between experimental models and between individuals with hypertension. Tunics Except for the microscopic capillaries, the walls of the blood vessels have three coats or tunics. Ledoux J, Taylor MS, Bonev AD, Hannah RM, Solodushko V, Shui B, Tallini Y, Kotlikoff MI, Nelson MT. In England, 32% of men and 29% of women have, or are being treated for, high blood pressure. Wang HW, Huang BS, White RA, Chen A, Ahmad M, Leenen FH. A third, recently recognized role of the kidney in hypertension is to modulate systemic sympathetic tone by generating reflex signals via renal afferent nerves. In addition to renal afferent activation, discussed above, afferent nerves from adipose tissue are triggered by a high-fat diet to reflexively increase BP and insulin resistance.
Olfactory receptor responding to gut microbiota-derived signals plays a role in renin secretion and blood pressure regulation. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Lesson 24: Development and Birth The student will be able to identify the structures of the main organs involved in fetal development and birth and will understand their function. Xiao L, Itani HA, do Carmo LS, Carver LS, Breyer RM, Harrison DG. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Role of extracellular superoxide dismutase in the mouse angiotensin slow pressor response.
Cardiovascular System Anatomy and Physiology: Study Guide for Nurses
Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DASH diet. For many years, it has been recognized that endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and NO signaling are reduced in hypertension, as recently reviewed. Until recently, the sole effect of aldosterone was thought to enhance sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct, and aldosterone blockade was felt to predominantly promote diuresis. The role of infiltrating immune cells in dysfunctional adipose tissue. J Cell Mol Med.
It also triggers sympathetic stimulation of the peripheral vessels, resulting in vasoconstriction. Cooper LL, Rong J, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Vita JA, Hamburg NM, Vasan RS, Mitchell GF. Studies on experimental hypertension: I. Communication between mitochondria and the nucleus in regulation of cytochrome genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This may be caused by a number of mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, narrowing of small arteries, microvascular rarefaction, perivascular fibrosis, altered wall mechanics, and relative myocyte hypertrophy.
Definition of Hypotension and its Causes For an adult, hypotension exists when the systolic pressure is less than 90 mmHg and the diastolic pressure is less than 60 mmHg. The process of maintaining blood pressure is complex, and involves numerous physiological mechanisms, including arterial baroreceptors, the renin—angiotensin—aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic peptide, endothelins, and mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid steroids. The depolarization wave then spreads to the AV node, and then the atria contract. The left common carotid artery is the second branch off the aortic arch and it divides, forming the left internal carotid, which serves the brain, and the l eft external carotid, which serves the skin and muscles of the head and neck. McMurray JJ, Krum H, Abraham WT, Dickstein K, Køber LV, Desai AS, Solomon SD, Greenlaw N, Ali MA, Chiang Y, et al; ATMOSPHERE Committees Investigators. Dye tracers define differential endothelial and smooth muscle coupling patterns within the arteriolar wall.
C: The T wave represents the repolarization of the ventricles, and the beginning of the T wave precedes ventricular relaxation. Anatomy and Physiology is a foundational learning course that is essential to student success in all allied health programs. Recent studies suggest that aging and hypertension reduce the function of Sirt3 sirtuin3 , a histone deacetylase that modulates the acetylation status of SOD2. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts. Microtubule-associated protein 3 MAP3 expression in non-neuronal tissues. Lesson 13: Blood Students will be able to list and describe the main components of whole blood, including the erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Cao W, Li A, Wang L, Zhou Z, Su Z, Bin W, Wilcox CS, Hou FF.
