An argumentative argument is a type of argument that is used to persuade or convince someone of a particular viewpoint or position. These arguments are often used in academic settings, political debates, and public discourse to address controversial issues and persuade others to adopt a certain perspective.
There are several key components that make up an effective argumentative argument. Firstly, it should be well-reasoned and supported by evidence. This means that the argument should be based on logical reasoning and facts, rather than just opinion or personal beliefs. For example, if you are arguing that climate change is caused by human activity, you should provide evidence such as scientific research and data to support your claim.
Secondly, an argumentative argument should be well-structured and organized. It should have a clear introduction that introduces the topic and sets the stage for the rest of the argument. It should also have a well-defined thesis statement that clearly states the main argument or position being taken. The body of the argument should then present the supporting points and evidence, and the conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the thesis.
Thirdly, an argumentative argument should be presented in a way that is persuasive and convincing. This means that the language used should be clear and concise, and the argument should be structured in a way that is easy to follow and understand. It is also important to anticipate and address counterarguments, as this shows that you have considered other perspectives and can effectively defend your own position.
Finally, an argumentative argument should be respectful and respectful of others' viewpoints. Even if you disagree with someone's position, it is important to present your argument in a way that is respectful and avoids personal attacks or insults.
In conclusion, an argumentative argument is a type of argument that is used to persuade or convince someone of a particular viewpoint or position. It should be well-reasoned, well-structured, persuasive, and respectful in order to be effective.
Argumentative Writing
But abduction is significantly different from induction in that it does not only concern the generalization of prior observation for prediction though it may also involve statistical data : rather, abduction is often backward-looking in that it seeks to explain something that has already happened. Here you pose your argument as a problem and aim to gain more attention for it. In a good, i. This is an improper appeal to authority because we have no reason to believe that a medical doctor is particularly knowledgeable about automotive manufacturing. Tuesday afternoon I won the lottery. Also, you have to present different evidence in support of your opinions in the body of your essay. By contrast, if argumentation is defined more loosely, then a wider range of communicative practices will be considered as instances of argumentation, and thus presumably more cultures will be found to engage in what is thus viewed as argumentation.
Classic Argument In a classic argument, you simply grab the attention of your readers by presenting the claims in the form of a question. In an unjust society, what purports to be a cooperative exchange of reasons really perpetuates patterns of oppression. But the problem has not prevented scientists and laypeople alike from continuing to use induction widely. Choice C is the lone non-argument of the above four statements. Instead, in many real-life situations, argumentation often leads to the opposite result; people disagree with each other even more after engaging in argumentation Sunstein 2002. Age and gender definitely affect TV preferences. Your audience may be a group of diverse individuals.
These rules ensure that an individual is performing their job in an ethical manner, which builds trust in the profession. By contrast, others have argued that adversariality, when suitably understood, can be seen as an integral and in fact desirable component of argumentation Govier 1999; Aikin 2011; Casey 2020; but notice that these authors each develop different accounts of adversariality in argumentation. Additionally, college students are assumed to be good at writing a high-quality argumentative essay. It is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic, collect, generate, and evaluate evidence, and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner. For the remainder of this lesson, we will focus on the fallacious counterparts to the previously discussed legitimate argument forms.
Good Argumentative Essay Examples and Writing Tips
One overall theme is the need to draw a distinction between excessive aggressiveness and adversariality as such. Or is argumentation largely the same phenomenon across different cultures? Scott and Marlis C. This type of writing is common for academic writing. With argument, we settle our disputes in ways that are most respectful of those who disagree—we do not buy them off, we do not threaten them, and we do not beat them into submission. Choice D is a false analogy because it fails to establish that being located on the same continent increases the likelihood that two countries have similar weather patterns. It allows for a reconceptualization of classical themes within argumentation theory while also promising to provide concrete recommendations on how to argue better. Being a cheerleader definitely impacts the likelihood of being obligated to be at a stadium.
Argument and Argumentation (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
In some of them, the truth of the premises is supposed to guarantee the truth of the conclusion, and these are known as deductive arguments. In the early days of the Internet in the 1990s, there was much hope that online spaces would finally realize the Habermasian ideal of a public sphere for political deliberation Hindman 2009. Create a Solid Introduction Remember to pay keen attention to the introductory paragraph, as it can make or break your essay. It also allows for the formulation of questions pertaining to individual as well as cultural differences in argumentative styles see Another illuminating perspective views argumentative practices as inherently tied to broader socio-cultural contexts Amossy 2009. Therefore, here you need to make sure that the facts must be checked thoroughly. Harman argues that either enumerative induction is not always warranted, or it is always warranted but constitutes an uninteresting special case of the more general category of inference to the best explanation see next section.
For example, you could argue against the death penalty in an essay using Christian teachings, which emphasize the ideas of forgiveness and mercy toward sinners. See if you can spot the difference. An ethical argument can be built on principles or by examining consequences. It would be considered correct as long as there's a discussion in it. Especially in situations of deep disagreement Fogelin 1985 , it seems that the potential of argumentation to lead to consensus is quite limited. Many philosophers develop theories of ethics, and writers use these theories to create ethical arguments.
But argumentation may also give rise to positive affective responses if the focus is on coalescence and cooperation rather than on hostility Gilbert 1997. Researchers in these fields are predominantly interested in the descriptive question of how people in fact engage in argumentation, rather than in the normative question of how they ought to do it although some of them have also drawn normative conclusions, e. You will decide if you want to write based on principles or consequences. In a sense, the consensus-oriented view of argumentation just discussed is a special case of conflict management argumentation, based on the assumption that the best way to manage conflict and disagreement is to aim for consensus and thus eliminate conflict. Complex Sentences Never Impress Fancy vocabulary and extremely long sentences are too complex to understand. An audience with similar values may find an ethical argument based on principles effective, while an audience with differing views may find an ethical argument based on consequences effective.
The idea that argumentation can be an epistemically beneficial process is as old as philosophy itself. Question Which of the following is an example of an argument that commits the fallacy of false cause? When conflict emerges, people have various options: they may choose not to engage and instead prefer to flee; they may go into full-blown fighting mode, which may include physical aggression; or they may opt for approaches somewhere in between the fight-or-flee extremes of the spectrum. A thesis statement After completing the introduction, you have to start working on the thesis statement of your essay. Argumentation Across Fields of Inquiry and Social Practices Argumentation is practiced and studied in many fields of inquiry; philosophers interested in argumentation have much to benefit from engaging with these bodies of research as well. In a recent book Tindale 2021 , philosopher Chris Tindale adopts an anthropological perspective to investigate how argumentative practices emerge from the experiences of peoples with diverse backgrounds. Ethical arguments from principles One way to incorporate ethical arguments in your essay is from principles. However, a number of philosophers have argued that deductive validity and necessary truth preservation in fact come apart.
In others, the truth of the premises should make the truth of the conclusion more likely while not ensuring complete certainty; two well-known classes of such arguments are inductive and abductive arguments a distinction introduced by Peirce, see entry on analogical arguments. For these authors, argumentative discourse is primarily directed at the reasonable resolution of a difference of opinion. Instead, we give them reasons that bear on the truth or falsity of their beliefs. Tindale reviews a wealth of anthropological and ethnographic studies on argumentative practices in different cultures, thus providing what is to date perhaps the most comprehensive study on argumentation from an anthropological perspective. Real-estate brokers have specialized knowledge of the real-estate market, not the stock market.
Therefore, I got food poisoning because I ate raw beef. But argumentation is a special kind of dialogue: indeed, most of the dialogues we engage in are not instances of argumentation, for example when asking someone if they know what time it is, or when someone shares details about their vacation. This should be based on the information you have shared earlier and detail the points that will be talked about in the rest of the essay. The Journal of Argumentation in Context was founded in 2012 precisely to promote a contextual approach to argumentation. Thus, you should draft the body of your essay in such a way that it helps the readers get familiarised with different aspects of the subject but mainly emphasizes on your viewpoint. Moreover, for these authors, adversariality in argumentation is simply not optional: it is an intrinsic feature of argumentative practices, but these practices also require a background of cooperation and agreement regarding, e.
