Cooper and shepard 1973. Developmental and Differential Aspects of Mental Rotation in Early Adolescence on JSTOR 2022-12-23
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Cooper and Shepard (1973) conducted a study on visual attention and the role of context in perception. The study focused on how people process and interpret visual information, specifically how they use contextual clues to help interpret ambiguous stimuli.
In the study, participants were shown a series of images that were either unambiguous or ambiguous. The unambiguous images were clear and easy to interpret, while the ambiguous images could be interpreted in multiple ways. For example, an ambiguous image might show an object that could be either a chair or a table, depending on how it was viewed.
The researchers found that when participants were shown ambiguous images, they were more likely to interpret the image correctly if it was presented in a context that provided additional clues. For example, if an ambiguous image of an object was shown in a room with other furniture, participants were more likely to correctly interpret the object as a chair or a table, depending on its function in the room.
This study has important implications for how we process and interpret visual information. It suggests that context plays a significant role in our perception and understanding of the world around us. It also highlights the importance of considering context when presenting information or designing visual materials, as it can greatly influence how that information is understood and interpreted.
Overall, Cooper and Shepard's (1973) study has made significant contributions to our understanding of visual attention and the role of context in perception. It has helped to shed light on how we process and interpret visual information, and has influenced the way we think about the role of context in communication and design.
Mental rotation and perceptual uprightness
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human learning and memory, 2 3 , 223-233. Our online platform, Wiley Online Library wileyonlinelibrary. Some possible reasons for the nonlinear nature of the increasing function will be considered in detail later. Retrieved February 5, 2019. Because the ascending somatosensory systems are crossed, information from the right hand is transmitted first to the left hemisphere, while the reverse is true for left-hand information. We found that the preserved and impaired aspects of visual imagery paralleled the patients' visual abilities.
Developmental and Differential Aspects of Mental Rotation in Early Adolescence on JSTOR
For his theoretical and experimental work elucidating the human mind's perception of the physical world and why the human mind has evolved to represent objects as it does; and for giving purpose to the field of cognitive science and demonstrating the value of bringing the insights of many scientific disciplines to bear in scientific problem solving. Corballis and his associates Corballis and Roldan, 1975; Corballis, Zbrodoff, and Roldan, 1976 have asked whether mental rotation of a disoriented object occurs to the retinal or the gravitational upright, when the two are different by virtue of head tilt. Somewhat more equivocal results have been reported for assessments of executive functions and higher cognitive processes. Other investigations of the operation of proximally defined versus distally defined distance in the context of a mental scanning task indicate that instructions can effectively alter the character of the scan path: when a subject is instructed to imagine scanning between two objects located in three-dimensional space, time increases with distal distance; however, when a subject is instructed to scan from the visual direction of one object to the visual direction of another, time increases linearly with distance in the two-dimensional projection Pinker, 1980; Pinker and Finke, 1980; Pinker and Kosslyn, 1978. Visual illusions, ambiguous figures, and depictions of impossible objects are inherently fascinating. Mental Images and their Transformations.
TRANSFORMATIONS ON REPRESENTATIONS OF OBJECTS IN SPACE
The visual stimulus is modified in a controlled manner and the subject is required to identify the alteration, which leads to mental rotation. The within-subjects design was used and the participants investigated in this study were first year Psychology students from the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus. In this case, Ss claimed that they could prepare forthe rotated stimulus by imagining the normal version of the designated character rotated into the indicated orientation and that they could then rapidly testfora match against the ensuing stimulus. Read more Navigate Down A systematic literature review on the rationale for and effects of dynamic light scenarios M. The visual ERP component synchronized with the effect of imagery, the N1, is believed to originate in areas 18 and 19, implying a relatively early extrastriate locus for imagery in the visual system. Because you can always hear at least two tones rising in pitch at the same time, your brain gets tricked into thinking that the sound is constantly ascending in pitch. Overall, the results suggest that, after primary adaptation to the space environment, at least basic cognitive functions like memory retrieval, logical reasoning, or spatial information processing e.
Retrieved February 14, 2019. Lateralized brain damage or dysfunction is determined by comparing performance of the right and left hemispheres. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, in press. Read more Navigate Down Manipulation of Visual Information LYNN A. The visual tasks included imagining animals and reporting whether they had long or short tails, imagining common objects and reporting their colors, and imagining triads of states within the USA and reporting which two are most similar in outline shape. Reaction time was found to be a monotonically increasing function of the angular departure of the rotated test stimulus from the standard upright orientation.
More mental rotation time does not imply more mental effort: Pupillary diameters do not change with angular distance
This right ear advantage is thought to reflect the left-hemisphere representation for language. Stimuli perceived in the left visual half-field are processed in the right cerebral hemisphere, whereas stimuli perceived in the right visual half-field are processed in the left cerebral hemisphere. . Discriminability of stimuli varying in physical and retinal orientation. Spatial coding and oblique discrimination by children.
FARAH, in Functional Organisation of the Human Visual Cortex, 1993 The Relation Between Mental Imagery and Perception The central issue in the neuropsychology of mental imagery, and the issue most relevant to the topic of this volume, is the relation between imagery and perception. Read more Navigate Down Mark Ridgley from the Radius Teknologies, LLC NI Alliance Partner , made use of LabVIEW to deploy a mental rotation task to survey the effects of mental fatigue. He is the recipient of the James McKeen Cattell Fund Award, the Howard Crosby Warren Medal from the Society of Experimental Psychologists, the Award in the Behavioral Sciences from the New York Academy of Sciences, the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association, the Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology from the American Psychological Foundation, the Wilbur Lucius Cross medal of the Yale Graduate School Alumni Association, the Rumelhart Prize in Cognitive Science, and the National Medal of Science. Participants were exposed to all the conditions of the independent variable which was the different angles of rotation from 0 to 180 degrees. We were able to estimate the visual angle of her mental images before and after surgery, thus using her as her own control. The effect of retinal and phenomenal orientation on the perception of form.
Because we never encounter exactly the same total situation twice, no theory of learning can be complete without a law governing how what is learned in one situation generalizes to another. Shepard and collaborators "mapped" large sets of stimuli using the rank order of likelihood that a person or organism would generalize the response to Stimulus A and give the same response to Stimulus B. Brain imaging studies in normal subjects One of the earliest studies relevant to the relation of imagery and perception was reported by Roland and Friberg 1985. SHEPARD Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Average time required to determine whether an alphanumeric character was presented inits normal version or as its mirror image increased from 500 msec to 1,000 msec as its angular departure from upright increased from 0 to 180 deg. The tilted stimulus was mentally rotated to be in congruence to its normal representation recognized in the long-term memory store as proposed by Cooper and Shepard 1973 Cooper, 1975. Expand It is argued that despite continued methodological improvements, subjects in the conditions of greater complexity may have found it sufficient to rotate only partial images, thereby vitiating the prediction that the rate at which mental images can be rotated is slower the more complex the stimulus.
CHRONOMETRIC STUDIES OF THE ROTATION OF MENTAL IMAGES
American Journal of Psychology, 1957, 70, 493—511. Simple linear relations between time for correctional processing and spatial extent have also been reported for transformations other than rotation. Mode of presentation can affect both the slope and the intercept; stimulus complexity and the presence of landmark features can affect the rate of transformation Hochberg and Gellman, 1977 ; and stimulus and transformational dimensionality have questionable effects on both slope and intercept. Once all the trials were completed, a short text was shown to inform participants of the end of the experiment and to press any key to exit. Socioeconomic differences were more pronounced in the fifth than the seventh grade. However, there were some participants that had a negative correlation instead. To a good approximation, this probability of generalization i decays exponentially with this distance, and ii does so in accordance with one of two metrics, depending on the relation between the dimensions along which the stimuli vary.
