Dna and rna structure and function. What Is RNA? 3 Types, Function, And Structure, RNA And DNA 2022-12-21
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DNA and RNA are two important biomolecules that play crucial roles in the functioning of living organisms. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and it is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. RNA, on the other hand, stands for ribonucleic acid, and it plays a key role in the synthesis of proteins.
The structure of DNA is a double helix, with two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other. Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The order in which these bases are arranged determines the genetic information contained in the DNA molecule.
RNA, like DNA, is also made up of nucleotides. However, unlike DNA, RNA is a single-stranded molecule and has a slightly different sugar molecule in its nucleotides. There are also four types of nitrogenous bases in RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
One of the main functions of DNA is to store and transmit genetic information. This is done through the process of DNA replication, in which the DNA molecule is copied so that it can be passed on to future generations. During replication, the two strands of the DNA double helix separate, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
RNA plays a key role in protein synthesis. When a particular protein needs to be produced, the genetic information contained in the DNA is transcribed into RNA. This process involves the synthesis of a complementary RNA molecule from a DNA template. The RNA molecule is then translated into a protein by the ribosomes, which are cellular structures that carry out protein synthesis.
In summary, DNA and RNA are two important biomolecules that play crucial roles in the functioning of living organisms. DNA is the genetic material that stores and transmits genetic information, while RNA plays a key role in protein synthesis. Both molecules have a complex structure and play vital roles in the proper functioning of cells and organisms.
9.1.4: Structure and Function of RNA
DNA and RNA Structure Basics This portion of the AP Biology curriculum delves further into the DNA and RNA structure in various species. The ribosome attaches to mRNA and gives stabilizing structure which holds materials in position during protein synthesis. The structures of two selected nucleotides namely AMP and TMP are depicted in Fig. The only base arrangement possible in DNA structure, from special considerations is A-T, T-A, G-C and C-G. Finally, the T m of a DNA depends on how well its bases match up.
Franklin concluded that two or more chains must coil around each other to form a helix. Thus adenosine monophosphate AMP contains adenine + ribose + phosphate. It is much more abundant in eukaryotes as compared to the prokaryotes. The four arms with their respective base pairs are given below: The acceptor arm — 7 bp The TΨC arm — 5 bp The anticodon arm — 5 bp The D arm — 4 bp Ribosomal RNA rRNA : The ribosomes are the factories of protein synthesis. There are four types of nitrogenous bases for DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. In this article, we studied DNA and RNA in length.
The double-stranded structure also aids in the detection of damage since the base pairing between strands is disturbed. Moreover each base stacking, one above the in a planar manner gives large hydrophobic interactions which gives additional stability to the DNA. Functions of RNA in Protein Synthesis Cells access the information stored in DNA by creating RNA to direct the synthesis of proteins through the process of translation. All these are essential in the normal functioning of the cell especially in protein synthesis. In other words, adenine and thymine are complementary base pairs, and cytosine and guanine are also complementary base pairs. If these genes are translated into RNA and then treated into mRNA, the introns will be removed. Form-amide destabilizes hydrogen bonds of base pairs and, therefore, lowers Tm.
As a result, the entire cellular metabolism is completely subordinate to the parasites, which, rapidly multiplying, lead the cell to death. For example, the cloverleaf structure of Figure 2a gives the secondary structure of transfer RNAs. Other RNAs : The various other RNAs and their functions are summarised in Table 2. Since two strands of DNA run in opposite direction there is complementary base pairing. Deoxyribose has one oxygen less at C 2 compared to ribose Fig.
In eukaryotes, synthesis, cutting, and assembly of rRNA into ribosomes takes place in the nucleolus region of the nucleus, but these activities occur in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. Near the middle of the horizontal line is C 3— phosphate linkage while at the other end of the line is C 5— phosphate linkage Fig. The ribose has maximum number of hydroxyl group. There are mainly two differences between RNA and DNA. Basis for comparison DNA RNA Function Replicates and stores genetic information like a blueprint The main function of RNA is to carry information of amino acid sequence from the genes to where proteins are assembled on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. X-ray crystallography is a method for investigating molecular structure by observing the patterns formed by X-rays shot through a crystal of the substance.
Many genes make up chromosomes. The principal bases, their respective nucleosides and nucleotides found in the structure of nucleic acids are given in Table 2. Proteins within a cell have many functions, including building cellular structures and serving as enzyme catalysts for cellular chemical reactions that give cells their specific characteristics. The linking number of a DNA is an integer and has two components, the Twist Tw , or number of helical turns of the DNA, and the Writhe Wr , or the number of supercoiled turnsin the DNA. The RNAs are synthesized from DNA, and are primarily involved in the process of protein biosynthesis. It is believed that transition between different helical forms of DNA plays a significant role in regulating gene expression. RNA molecules perform a variety of roles in the cell but are mainly involved in the process of protein synthesis translation and its regulation.
Thymine is replaced by Uracil in ribonucleic acid whereas deoxyribonucleic acid comprises of all four bases. Wherever Guanine occurs in one chain, Cytosine is found in the other chain. Messenger RNA is transcribed on the DNA and its base sequence is also complementary to that of the DNA segment on which it is transcribed. Thus, the information RNA has the largest molecular weight. There are significant structural changes in transmission techniques used by different species. First, their molecules transcribe, resulting in the appearance of molecules + RNA, and they, in turn, serve as a matrix for the assembly of viral proteins. It has a significant effect.
Molecular biologists have named several kinds of RNA on the basis of their function. The Z-form Z-DNA is a left-handed helix and contains 12 base pairs per turn. Nucleic acids can be found both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm of the cell, being present in some of its organelles, for example, mitochondria or chloroplasts. Since numerous bacterial cells profit by existing in communities, which may create biofilms as well as other defensive barriers, it is advantageous for them to do so. DNA structure being double stranded form the hydrophobic bases are protected from the outside aqueous environment and hydrophilic ones facing outside. This is made possible by a compact and marvelous packaging, and organization of DNA inside in cell. Also refer: Functions of RNA The ribonucleic acid — RNA, which are mainly composed of nucleic acids, are involved in a variety of functions within the cell and are found in all living organisms including bacteria, viruses, plants, and animals.
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