East timor genocide death toll. Genocide of indigenous peoples 2023-01-01

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The East Timor genocide refers to the systematic killing and persecution of the East Timorese people by the Indonesian military and its proxies during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor from 1975 to 1999. The genocide resulted in the deaths of an estimated 100,000 to 180,000 East Timorese, or approximately one third of the country's population at the time.

The Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975 was carried out with the backing of the United States, which saw Indonesia as a strategic ally in the region. The East Timorese resistance to Indonesian rule was met with brutal repression, including mass killings, torture, rape, and the forced relocation of tens of thousands of people to concentration camps.

The Indonesian military and its proxies, including paramilitary groups and local militias, were responsible for the majority of the violence and abuses committed during the occupation. They targeted civilians, including women, children, and the elderly, as well as political and cultural leaders who opposed Indonesian rule. Many of the victims were killed in large-scale operations, such as the Santa Cruz massacre in 1991, in which more than 270 unarmed demonstrators were killed by Indonesian troops.

The East Timor genocide also included the widespread use of sexual violence as a weapon of war, with women and girls being targeted for rape and sexual slavery. The Indonesian military and its proxies used sexual violence as a way to humiliate and demoralize the East Timorese population and to punish those who resisted Indonesian rule.

The East Timor genocide finally came to an end in 1999, following the referendum in which the East Timorese people voted overwhelmingly for independence from Indonesia. The Indonesian military and its proxies launched a campaign of terror in the weeks leading up to the referendum, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of people and the forced relocation of hundreds of thousands of others. Despite the violence, the East Timorese people voted for independence, and the Indonesian military withdrew from the country.

The East Timor genocide was a devastating and tragic event that had a profound impact on the East Timorese people and their country. It is estimated that around 100,000 to 180,000 people were killed, with many more suffering from physical and emotional injuries and trauma. The genocide also had a long-lasting impact on the country's economy and infrastructure, as much of it was destroyed during the conflict. The East Timor genocide serves as a stark reminder of the horrors of war and the importance of justice and accountability for crimes against humanity.

Death by deprivation in East Timor 1975

east timor genocide death toll

The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667—1783. Journal of Genocide Research. Melbourne Journal of International Law. Buibere: Voice of East Timorese Women. Retrieved April 27, 2007.


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Genocides in history

east timor genocide death toll

Body Studies: An Introduction. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Towns grew quickly but lacked services. Retrieved 30 October 2019. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Retrieved 16 October 2019.

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[PDF] The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975

east timor genocide death toll

In contrast, the irony is the Ethiopian government itself has been accused of genocide based on atrocities committed in Gambella. Retrieved 13 February 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2021. Department of Foreign Affairs and Department of Information. Journal of Genocide Research.

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Cambodian genocide

east timor genocide death toll

The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America Pivotal Moments in American History. Archived from online edition on 6 May 2013. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Frontier Conflict in Van Diemen's Land PhD thesis PDF Thesis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

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What is the conflict in East Timor?

east timor genocide death toll

The Truth Commission into the Genocide in Canada. Subsequent attacks by the French colonial authorities and European settlers killed between 6,000 and 30,000 Muslims in the region. Genocide and settler society:frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian History. Article 54 in the First Additional Protocol, prohibiting the destruction of material essential for the survival of the civilian population, was nota bene formalised at the height of the Timor famine in 1977. The Prevention and Intervention of Genocide.

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Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)

east timor genocide death toll

Pakistan: Eye of the Storm 2nd revised ed. Unlike other Australians it was not compulsory for them to enrol. Michael; Norchi, Charles H. Teaching about Genocide: Approaches, and Resources. Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace.

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Genocide of indigenous peoples

east timor genocide death toll

The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa. In the Eye of Power: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the 'New Great Game' for Central Asia, 1759—2004 PDF Thesis. Xiamen University Forum on International Development in Chinese 6 : 54—58. Once they enrolled, however, voting was compulsory. According to a 2020 study by Tai S Edwards and Paul Kelton, recent scholarship shows "that colonizers bear responsibility for creating conditions that made natives vulnerable to infection, increased mortality, and hindered population recovery. Retrieved 5 July 2016. Oppenheim's International Law: United Nations.

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East Timor

east timor genocide death toll

If we assume that Berzhe's middle figure of 50,000 was close to the number who survived to settle in the lowlands, then between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported. The Khmer Rouge were said to have killed 3. Retrieved 4 August 2013. Cambridge, MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims.


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List of genocides by death toll

east timor genocide death toll

Colonized by Portugal in the 16th century, East Timor was known as Portuguese Timor for centuries. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Additionally, the Khmer Rouge conducted many cross-border raids into Vietnam where they slaughtered an estimated 30,000 Vietnamese civilians. Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. Responsibility for targeted killings and disappearances of civilians is easier to determine than that for famine deaths, and this is a general problem Thoms and Ron 2007.

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East Timor genocide

east timor genocide death toll

Guatemala: Memory of silence. In early 1988, there were six mosques in the Phnom Penh area and a "good number" in the provinces, but Muslim dignitaries were thinly stretched; only 20 of the previous 113 most prominent Cham clergy in Cambodia survived the Khmer Rouge period. Routledge Companion to Military Conflict since 1945. . Free East Timor: Australia's Culpability in East Timor's Genocide. Although the term genocide was not coined until 1944, most scholars agree that the mass murder of Armenians fits this definition.

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