The Egyptian Revolution of 2011, also known as the Arab Spring, was a series of protests and political movements that took place in Egypt in 2011, eventually leading to the overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak. The revolution began on January 25, 2011, when a group of young Egyptians, inspired by the Tunisian Revolution and the use of social media, organized a protest in Cairo's Tahrir Square. The protest, which was initially peaceful, quickly escalated into a full-blown revolution as more and more people joined the demonstration.
The protesters had a wide range of demands, including the removal of Mubarak, the end of corruption, the introduction of democratic reforms, and an end to the state of emergency that had been in place in Egypt for decades. The protesters were met with violence from the police and security forces, and the demonstrations quickly turned violent, with protesters clashing with police and soldiers.
Despite the violence, the protesters continued to march and demonstrate, and the movement grew larger and more organized. On February 11, 2011, after weeks of protests and clashes, Mubarak announced that he would resign from office and hand over power to the military. This marked the end of Mubarak's 30-year rule and the beginning of a new era in Egyptian politics.
The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 was a major turning point in the country's history and had significant consequences both within Egypt and around the world. The revolution inspired similar movements in other Arab countries and led to the ousting of several authoritarian leaders in the region. In Egypt, the revolution paved the way for democratic elections and the introduction of a new constitution. However, the transition to democracy was not easy, and the country faced a number of challenges, including political instability, economic difficulties, and ongoing violence.
Despite these challenges, the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 remains an important moment in the country's history, as it marked the beginning of a new era of political change and democratic reform. It also serves as a reminder of the power of ordinary people to effect change and bring about significant political transformations.
Understanding the Revolutions of 2011
Any death of one of the thieves would not be punished. Thus, all the conditions were ready after the revolution erupted in 2011 for the army to allow the humiliation of the SSI and let it face the wrath of the people. Retrieved 1 February 2011. This led to incredibly high youth unemployment across the Middle East: the figure for the region hit 23 percent, or twice the global average, in 2009. The Muslim Brotherhood, for example, was clear from the beginning that they did want to radicalize the revolution nor escalate against the SCAF.
ElBaradei called on the army to intervene. February 3: demonstrations in favor of President Mubarak and other opposition and the spread of thugs, leaving on the impact of 5 dead and many wounded February 4: Hundreds of thousands of anti-government protesters gather in Tahrir Square in Cairo about what they have called "the day of departure. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Protesters called for Mubārak to step down immediately, clearing the way for free elections and democracy. Retrieved 24 March 2014. Stubbornness — Downfall: As the revolution unfolded, so too did a soap opera, starring the regime, play out in several episodes. This in no way makes the regime's murder of more than three hundred Egyptian men and women any less horrifying; those who committed those crimes must be tried and executed.
Egypt's Revolution: What Happened? :: Gatestone Institute
Retrieved 6 February 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011. Last, and most well-known, it engages in direct repression against certain segments of society. Like all major historical events, the January 2011 Revolution gave rise to many questions about its causes, actors, trajectory and consequences. Retrieved 30 January 2011. The word "first" describes that victory, as the revolution has other objectives not been fully realized yet, but no less important than the removal of the head of the regime The Downfall of the Head … The Regime Has Been Weakened, Not Toppled: There is no doubt that the January 25 th revolution succeeded on two counts: It brought down the head of the regime and dealt a debilitating blow to the regime itself.
Retrieved 8 February 2011. There are likely not many documents that reveal direct orders from a high-ranking police officer to torture someone, for example, but it is the broader portrait that is more important to the story of ruling Egypt. An earlier official estimate, made by members of the Mubārak government, had put the death toll at 365. Hundreds of journalists gathered in the lobby of the state-owned newspaper Ibrahim Yosri, a lawyer and former deputy foreign minister, drafted a petition, along with 20 other lawyers, asking the Prosecutor General In a statement on Egyptian state television, Suleiman announced the formation of two independent committees for political and constitutional reforms, both starting work immediately. Retrieved 5 February 2011. During the second half of his period in power, however, his family, notably his wife and younger son, began to take an active part in ruling Egypt, involving themselves in all spheres of activity.
This machine worked through a chain of power composed of four steps: surveillance, control, penetration and punishment or reward. People believed the twitter messages and the facebook postings because they wanted to believe them. But the revolutionaries handed over the documents to the army, who later took power. While true at one level, this view nevertheless inhibits a broader understanding of how the Egyptian police state plays a dynamic and productive—not simply negative—role in shaping all levels of Egyptian society. But it is not simply such rising prices, or a lack of growth, that fuels revolutions; it is the persistence of widespread and unrelieved poverty amid increasingly extravagant wealth. Businessmen greatly benefited from the economic improvement.
The decision to release the officers angers many protesters, who accuse the interim government of using delaying tactics to avoid holding former officials and police officers accountable. Retrieved 5 February 2011. Troops then fired into the air to disperse them. In this gap an opportunity presented itself for everyone. Retrieved 22 May 2022. After many years behind a paywall, our content is now open-access and free to anyone, anywhere in the world. It is therefore legitimate to inquire about the actors who produced this drastic shift in domestic and regional power relations.
Please don't turn me into a hero. The percentage of young adults—those aged 15-29 as a fraction of all those over 15—ranges from 38 percent in Bahrain and Tunisia to over 50 percent in Yemen compared to 26 percent in the United States. Al Masry Al Youm. Retrieved 27 January 2011. During those years, political repression and financial corruption attained levels never before experienced by Egyptians in their modern history. Yet as Marcos learned in 1986, these sops are generally ineffective once people have begun to clamor for ending the sultan's rule.
Still, some of them found the answer in the dialectics of modernization which raises levels of expectations among mobilized masses but deprives them of the capabilities necessary to fulfill these expectations. This structure gives the apparatus unlimited power, capacities and potentials to inhabit the entire social field. Pro-government protesters were active and small-scale clashes happened in the early hours. Moreover Gamal Abdel Nasser having conducted his own military coup in 1952 put mechanisms in the army to ensure that no one else would do the same and remove him. But the status quo cannot be maintained. The leader monopolizes contact between the commands, between the military and civilians, and with foreign governments, a practice that makes sultans essential for both coordinating the security forces and channeling foreign aid and investment.
Collective Memory of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution: Surveying Egyptians a Decade After
صلاة الجنازة literally: funeral prayer. Not a single sultan overthrown in the last 30 years—including in Haiti, the Philippines, Romania, Zaire, Indonesia, Georgia, and Kyrgyzstan—has been succeeded by an ideologically driven or radical government. Cabinet offices in Cairo were evacuated after anti-government protesters gathered outside the building. Retrieved 2 February 2011. The protests reached a new level of violence on January 28, when thousands of demonstrators clashed with police following Friday prayers. Among the most famous in recent history were Mexico's Porfirio Díaz, Iran's Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Nicaragua's Somoza dynasty, Haiti's Duvalier dynasty, the Philippines' Ferdinand Marcos, and Indonesia's Suharto.
