Exchange theory of communication. Communication theory 2022-12-09
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Exchange theory is a social psychological perspective that focuses on how people communicate and interact with one another in order to achieve their goals and fulfill their needs. This theory suggests that communication is a transactional process, in which individuals exchange messages with one another in order to achieve a desired outcome.
According to exchange theory, people are motivated to communicate because they want to obtain something, whether it be information, goods, or services. In order to get what they want, individuals must engage in communication with others. In this process, they may offer something in return, such as attention, time, or resources.
Exchange theory also recognizes that people have different levels of power and influence in communication situations. Some individuals may have more power and resources to offer, while others may have less. This can create imbalances in communication exchanges, leading to unequal outcomes for the parties involved.
One important aspect of exchange theory is the concept of social exchange, which refers to the idea that people weigh the costs and benefits of their actions and interactions with others. For example, if an individual communicates with another person in order to get something they want, they must also consider what they are willing to give up in return. This cost-benefit analysis can influence the outcome of the communication exchange.
Another key aspect of exchange theory is the concept of social norms, which are the unwritten rules and expectations that govern communication and behavior in a given society or group. These norms can vary widely across different cultures and social groups, and they can influence the way that people communicate and interact with one another.
In conclusion, exchange theory is a valuable perspective on communication that helps to explain how people interact with one another in order to achieve their goals and fulfill their needs. By understanding the dynamics of social exchange and the role of social norms in communication, we can better understand the complexities of human interaction and the ways in which communication impacts our relationships and daily lives.
Communication Theories
Differentiating Individual differences can present a challenge at any given stage in the relational interaction model; however, in the we and our reverts back to I and my. With that in mind, how can you integrate this theory into your life? Floyd's work mostly works from the basis that affection is all good, with good results, but more study needs to be done about potential negatives. Even with all this variation, people typically follow typical social scripts for interaction at this stage. Also, internal factors like self-worth or self-esteem may impact the expectations and comparison level of the person. But friendships, romantic relationships, and adult familial relationships all require a healthy balance to function well.
With a firm background in fields such as anthropology, economics, and psychology, this theory is likely to remain an area of interest in many fields for years to come. Second, when an individual recognizes they hold a higher status than the person they are communicating with, they are not likely to converge to the communication behavior of the lower status individual; in fact, they are likely to diverge. When developing or applying an interpretivist theory, the researcher themself is a vital instrument. This is achieved through analyzing the outcome of social interactions. Language and Social Psychology. Every individual has a different comparison level, i. Overall, relationships are more likely to succeed when there is satisfaction and commitment, meaning that we are pleased in a relationship intrinsically or by the rewards we receive.
These resources can be material goods and services or an exchange of social value. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. This theory does not talk about the people who prefer to stay in the relationships even if they are costing more than the benefits. The way that the judges, plaintiffs, and defendants accommodated themselves to both the situation and the jury could manipulate the jury's acceptance or rejection of the defendant, and could, thus, control the outcome of the case. Despite the fact that communication accommodation theory is theoretical, it has shown itself to be viable by its numerous practical applications. Center for Literacy Studies of the University of Tennessee.
An Exchange Theory Model of Interpersonal Communication
The ultimate role of every human is based on a desire to pass their genes onto the next generation. Consciously or unconsciously you do a quick mental analysis of the benefits and costs involved in any social interaction. Convergence is used more often by powerless individuals for social approval and focuses on matching the communication styles of the person with whom they are speaking to. For example, someone who overextends and gives too much might have difficulty communicating or setting boundaries. .
Social Penetration Theory looks at how superficial relationships evolve to intimate relationships. In professional and industry domains, these consumers may be more likely to seek influence in an industry-wide social domain Czepiel 1974; Leonard-Barton 1985. The way that we use language defers from person to person. Some suggest that since social exchange theory was crafted based on the White middle class, it neglects the realities of other race groups. Another case where there is a need for divergence is when professionals are with clients. By default, no relationship is zero cost, even if that cost is our energy or attention.
These structures form social systems which develop a life of their own. For example, if the source has bought the technology, the weight given to the information by the receiver will be greater. The fourth strategy is intergroup over-accommodation and it is considered one of the most pervasive of young-to-elderly language strategies. The chapter finishes with a discussion of future directions linking exchange theory to economic sociology and to the study of social networks. But what about spending time with friends? While all of these theoretical developments are important, an avenue for future work is to apply the theoretical formulations to settings outside the laboratory thus demonstrating the utility of the exchange theoretic approach. In regards to radio broadcasting, the alliance of the audience with the broadcaster played an important part in both the ratings that the shows would receive and whether the show progressed or was cancelled. Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application 4thed.
Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. He formulated the framework of different elements such as interaction, sentiments, and activities involved in the social group. In general, the degree of interpersonal influence increases as the source is perceived as more attractive and as the source credibility increases. In comparison, the Interactional Model of communication is bidirectional. Because many acquire information through mediated sources rather than direct experience, their world view becomes influenced by these sources.
This theory explains the relationships in terms of only costs and benefits, i. We reach the achievement of relating through the everyday conversations and otherwise trivial interactions that form the fabric of our relationships. DOI: In the millennium issue of Social Psychology Quarterly examining the state of social psychology, Walker and colleagues summarize the two decades of research on Network Exchange Theory NET and propose directions for further research and theory growth. For example, there is a huge difference in the decisions related to social behaviour between the Western and Asian societies. In fact, the study was conducted to understand how to parent such a child and the consequences of disclosure on the communication in the family. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
As Northouse 2015 discusses, that this theory has leadership that occurs when the communication of leaders and followers is characterized by mutual trust, respect, and commitment. According to Homans, the exchange, i. The central route is where attitudes are changed through a logical thought process. There are factors involved in this process. In addition, the role of negative opinions of experts in blocking diffusion has been empirically demonstrated Leonard-Barton 1985 , as well as the importance of negative information when making a decision to adopt under time pressure or distraction Wright 1974. Agenda Setting Theory Agenda Setting Theory states that mass media organizations determine what the general population considers newsworthy by deciding how much attention a news story receives.
However, an individual with a lower expectation for the outcome will not encounter this difficulty. The strength of an interpersonal tie is defined as the "combination of the amount of time, the emotional intensity, the intimacy mutual confiding , and the reciprocal sources which characterize the tie" Granovetter 1973, p. This theory is highly reliant on reciprocity for whatever costs are incurred by the individual. The idea of effective group communication is vital in a number of different leader-member situations. Thus, when one individual shifts speech and non-verbal behaviors in order to assimilate to the other it can result in a more favorable appraisal of him, that is: when convergence is perceived positively it is likely to enhance both the conversation and the attraction between the listener and the speaker.
