In group and out group are social psychological terms that refer to how individuals categorize and relate to others within their social environment. A person's in group is made up of those individuals who are similar to them and with whom they share a strong sense of belonging and identification. These are typically people who are considered to be part of the same social, cultural, or racial group as the individual. On the other hand, an out group is made up of those individuals who are perceived to be different or distinct from the individual and their in group.
One of the key features of in group and out group dynamics is that individuals often have more positive attitudes towards and greater loyalty towards their in group members, while they tend to have more negative attitudes towards and less loyalty towards members of out groups. This can lead to a sense of superiority or privilege among in group members and a sense of exclusion or discrimination among out group members.
The formation of in group and out group dynamics can be influenced by various factors, including ethnicity, religion, nationality, social class, and political ideology. These factors can shape an individual's identity and how they perceive and interact with others. For example, a person who identifies as being part of a particular racial group may view other members of that group as being part of their in group and may feel a strong sense of connection and solidarity with them. At the same time, they may view individuals from other racial groups as being part of an out group and may have more negative attitudes towards them.
In group and out group dynamics can have significant consequences for individuals and for society as a whole. At the individual level, belonging to an in group can provide a sense of belonging and social support, while being excluded from an in group can lead to feelings of isolation and social exclusion. At the societal level, in group and out group dynamics can contribute to conflicts, prejudice, and discrimination between different groups.
In order to promote greater social cohesion and inclusivity, it is important to recognize and challenge in group and out group dynamics. This can involve efforts to promote understanding and appreciation of diversity, to build bridges between different groups, and to challenge stereotypes and prejudices. By working to break down the barriers between in groups and out groups, we can create a more inclusive and harmonious society.
Price Discrimination
The firms opt for such techniques to enhance their sales and reap more and more profits. Furthermore, they fix separate prices to be paid for a product or service purchased by those groups. On the other hand, for all the six units, the MU is Rs 20, which the consumer is ready to pay as the price if he is to buy these units. What benefits does it bring to the producer and consumer? Hence, we can conclude that a monopolist who employs price discrimination, charges a higher price from the market with inelastic demand. Is buy one get one half off price discrimination? The market is divided into sub-markets. In the above diagram, it is also shown that in Market B in which elasticity of demand is greater, the price charged is lower than that in Market B where the elasticity of demand is less. The producer under monopoly is called monopolist.
First
.svg/700px-Price_discrimination_(third_degree).svg.png)
For example, RSEB has legal sanction from the government to charge different prices for the use of electricity in agricultural sector and industrial sector. No Contact between Buyers: Refers to one of the most important conditions for price discrimination. If this price is chosen with reference to what the marginal customer of the group is willing to pay, the mode of pricing is called price discrimination of the second degree. For consuming the next M 1 to М 2 units, the rate is lowered to M 2P 2. The strategy helps brands to sell more, leaving their rival brands behind. For instance, an electricity supply board charges lower rates for domestic consumption of electricity and higher rates for commercial consumption.
Monopoly
Knowing exactly how willing they are, the firm charges each one a price so high that the consumers almost, but not quite, refuse to pay the prices. Henceforth we shall assume, unless otherwise mentioned that the monopolistic firm practices third degree price discrimination. There should be no resale from the low price market to the high price market. To understand price discrimination, we should also look at two key concepts of economic welfare: consumer surplus and producer surplus. To calculate profit under first-degree price discrimination, we need to know the marginal revenue curve and the demand curve for each individual consumer.
Price Discrimination under Monopoly
Nevertheless, the closer your firm gets to first-degree price discrimination, the greater the benefits. Different Elasticity of Demand: ADVERTISEMENTS: Implies that the elasticity of demand in the markets should differ from each other. For example, Microsoft Office Schools edition is available for a lower price to educational institutions than to other users. Professionals charge different prices from different customers for their services. In addition, in monopoly, AR curve and Marginal Revenue MR curve are different from each other. The fear of persistent and predatory dumping has led to the formulation of anti-dumping laws in some countries, and an International Dumping Code was signed in 1967 under the GATT.
