Mary Whiton Calkins was a pioneering figure in the field of psychology and one of the first women to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. Born in 1863 in Hartford, Connecticut, Calkins was the oldest of five children in a family that valued education and intellectual curiosity.
Calkins received her undergraduate degree from Smith College in 1885, and later went on to earn her Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University in 1894, becoming the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology from the institution. Despite her achievements, Calkins faced significant discrimination and barriers due to her gender. She was not allowed to join the faculty at Harvard and was instead offered a position as a tutor.
After earning her Ph.D., Calkins became interested in the emerging field of psychology and began studying under William James at Harvard. She later became a member of the American Psychological Association and served as its president from 1905 to 1906. Calkins was also a founding member of the Association for the Advancement of Psychology and served as its president in 1908.
In addition to her contributions to the field of psychology, Calkins was also an accomplished philosopher and scholar. She wrote several books on the subjects of psychology and philosophy, including "The Nature of the Self" and "Psychology and the Problems of Philosophy." Calkins' work was highly influential in the development of the field of psychology and continues to be studied and cited by scholars today.
Despite facing significant challenges due to her gender, Calkins persevered and became a pioneering figure in the field of psychology. She was a trailblazer for women in the field and her contributions continue to be recognized and celebrated. Calkins' legacy as a pioneering woman in psychology and philosophy serves as an inspiration to all those who seek to break barriers and make their mark in the world.
Mary Whiton Calkins: Başarılı Psikolog ve Filozof
Calkins1 first presentation of her self-psychology in 1900, then, was a departure from the classical school. Calkins1 concept of the psychic element and the doctrine of rational elements of experience also appear in her other books. Calkins described the technical memorizing method that she used, known as paired-associations, as even more significant than the results of the experiment. Calkins was one of the first people to study how immediate or short-term memory works. The conclusion they reached was that dreams were nothing more than reproductions of "the persons, places, and events of recent sense perception.
Mary Whiton Calkins Biography
Stanley Hall, editor of the American Journal of Psychology, asked Calkins to write an article describing her experimental psychology course. The universe, she said, contained distinct mental realities. She also published four books. According to Calkins, it is not that humans do not dream, but that we might not remember our dreams if we aren't waking ourselves up several times in the middle of the night. Calkins became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association APA in 1905, and she was elected president of the American Philosophical Association in 1918. GE Muller, bu çalışmayı eleştirmiştir.
Mary Whiton Calkins: 1905 APA President
Over her many years of study, Calkins wrote many books and articles on the topic of self-psychology. This, despite the praise of all who worked with her, including the German-American psychologist Hugo Münsterberg who wrote that she was the strongest student in his laboratory since he had arrived at Harvard. Have you ever tried a number of different tricks to remember information the night before a big exam? This was later dismissed when Calkins discovered single- track self-psychology. After graduation, Calkins family took an extended trip to Europe. She devised a series of experiments in which she paired numerals with colors.
Mary Whiton Calkins' Influence on Psychology
In his opinion, dreams reflect not our reality but rather a conflict that needs to be resolved within our subconscious. Mary was the oldest of five children born to her Puritan mother and minister father. It was also the first psychology laboratory at a women1s college. Kendilik Psikolojisi Calkins, rüyalar ve bellek üzerine önemli çalışmalar yürütmüştür. Hugo Munsterberg, finally, was acknowledged as the influence for her conception of the double standpoint in psychology, in which she claimed that every experience may be treated alike from the atomistic and the self-psychological standpoint Furumoto, 1980. Although Calkins wrote a dissertation while at Harvard, which was approved by her faculty advisors, Harvard University refused to grant her a Doctor of Philosophy degree, on the grounds that it did not admit women at that time.
Mary Whiton Calkins
Self-Psychology Though she contributed greatly to studies of memory and dreams, Calkins is best known for developing a system of self-psychology, which she worked on in conjunction with others at Harvard. The research report was included as a supplement to Psychological Review. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 55—68. Throughout her career, Calkins was consistently ranked as one of the most sophisticated thinkers in the field of psychology. Mary Whiton Calkins Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society Students, as part of an advanced seminar, examined and wrote about the lives of these women, their intellectual contributions, and the unique impact and special problems that being female had on their careers.
Mary Whiton Calkins & Psychology: Biography & Theory
Eğitimine ara verdiği dönemde evde Yunanca dil dersi aldı. Self-psychologists following Calkins, including Kohut, Mischel, and Yardley and Honess, however, failed to credit her with any of their ideas. Dream researchers in the neurosciences praised her efforts. Mary Calkins, kadınlara eğitim alma ve eğitim verme şansının tanındığı bir zamanda doğmuştur. Mary Calkins, psikoloji ve felsefenin farklı bakış açılarıyla birçok çalışmaya imza atmıştır.
