The golden ratio, also known as the golden section or the divine proportion, is a mathematical concept that has captivated the minds of artists, architects, and mathematicians for centuries. The ratio, denoted by the Greek letter phi (φ), is approximately equal to 1.618 and is found in many natural and man-made objects.
The golden ratio can be described as the ratio of the smaller part of a whole to the larger part, or the ratio of the larger part to the whole. In mathematical terms, this can be expressed as a+b is to a as a is to b, or a/b = (a+b)/a.
One of the earliest known references to the golden ratio can be found in the writings of the ancient Greeks. The mathematician Euclid described the golden ratio as "the most beautiful of all proportions" in his work "Elements." The golden ratio also appears in the work of the ancient Greek sculptor Phidias, who used it to create aesthetically pleasing works of art.
The golden ratio has been used throughout history in a variety of contexts. In art, the golden ratio has been used to create compositions that are aesthetically pleasing to the eye. Architects have used the golden ratio to design buildings that are harmonious and pleasing to look at. The golden ratio has also been used in the design of websites and other digital media, as it is thought to be aesthetically pleasing to the human eye.
One of the most famous examples of the use of the golden ratio can be found in the design of the Parthenon in Athens. The Parthenon is considered to be a prime example of classical architecture, and its design incorporates the golden ratio in many ways. The length and width of the temple, as well as the height of the columns, all follow the golden ratio.
The golden ratio has also been found to occur in nature. The spiral patterns found in seashells and pinecones, for example, are believed to be based on the golden ratio. The human body also exhibits the golden ratio, with the ratio of the length of the hand to the length of the arm being approximately equal to the golden ratio.
Despite its widespread use and recognition, the golden ratio has also been the subject of some controversy. Some have argued that the golden ratio is overrated and that its importance has been exaggerated. Others have claimed that the golden ratio is not as common in nature as some believe.
In conclusion, the golden ratio is a mathematical concept that has fascinated people for centuries. It has been used in art, architecture, and design to create aesthetically pleasing compositions and has been found in a variety of natural objects. While it has been the subject of some controversy, the golden ratio remains an important and widely recognized concept.
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In the largest study to date based on the responses of 1,007 adoptees and relinquishing parents , 90% responded that reunion was a beneficial experience. In contrast, it is in the reproductive interest of the non- or lesser-investing sex to be intrasexually competitive in order to gain access to members of the more valuable sex. The suckling frequency is higher for male calves in red deer, and mothers are more likely to be barren in the following year if their calf is male Clutton-Brock et al. Parents in higher density, noisier homes are more socially withdrawn from children — less likely to speak with them and provide cognitive stimulation and tend to be less responsive Evans et al. Adolescent adoptees are overrepresented among those who join sub-cultures, run away, become pregnant, or totally reject their families. However, the infant subsidy rate is, on average, only 27 percent higher than the preschool subsidy rate. However, during this time period, males may decide to abandon their egg if the female is delayed in her return to the breeding grounds.
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Adoption may threaten triad members' sense of identity. Moore, in Advances in the Study of Behavior, 1995 VMATERNAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO OFFSPRING REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS Trivers and Willard 1973 formulated the prediction that when reproductive success is more variable in one sex than in the other, parents should invest more heavily in the more variable sex. The licking behavior that maternal rats provide so avidly to male offspring and less generously to female offspring contributes importantly to masculine reproductive development Moore, 1984, 1990, 1992; Moore, Dou, et al. For example, in Overall, parents are selected to maximize the difference between the benefits and the costs, and parental care will be likely to evolve when the benefits exceed the costs. Note that decrease is negative growth. THE DISCOVERY OF adolescence is generally dated to 1904, with the publication of the massive study "Adolescence," by G.
Paying higher salaries also increases the cost gap between child care for infants and preschoolers. Yes, You Can Adopt! The males' sacrifice of their body weight and possible survivorship, in order to increase their offspring's chance of survival is a trade-off between current reproductive success and the parents' future survival. In species with internal fertilization, where sperm competition could take place, the male might be inclined to desert and seek additional mates. The Quebec government cited the risk that marijuana poses to the brain development of people under 21 as justification for the age raise. Retrieved March 20, 2018. For instance, in barn swallows, Hirundo rustica, females paired to more colorful males laid eggs with greater concentrations of androgens Safran et al. Dialog: A Journey of Theology.
Parental Investment Parental investment in an offspring as first elucidated by Robert Trivers is any investment that a parent makes that increases the likelihood of that offspring's survival and reproduction at the cost of that parent's ability to invest in other offspring either current siblings or future ones. As books like Adoption Triangle by Sorosky, Pannor and Baran were published, and support groups formed like CUB Concerned United Birthparents , a major shift from "natural parent" to "birthparent" Social workers and other professionals in the field of adoption began changing terms of use to reflect what was being expressed by the parties involved. Most species of fish do not care for their young; in those few species that do, it is generally only the males. Although few or no established dictionaries provide a definition for the two-word term biological adult, the first definition of adult in multiple dictionaries includes "the stage of the life cycle of an animal after reproductive capacity has been attained". Emerging adults, being away from their parental and societal routines, are now able to do what they want when they want and where they want before they are put back into a routine when they start a marriage, family, and career.
This can be seen in many aspects of life, but usually can be found as a greater risk around the time of adolescence. Following this, the report reviews the current revenue streams available to providers. There are still some exceptions where 21 or even higher is still the benchmark for certain rights or responsibilities. It is possible for mothers to influence the reproductive success of their offspring in ways that do not readily fall within the predictions of the Trivers—Willard hypothesis. However, even this high monthly cost leaves child care centers struggling to cover their costs. Before publishing your Notes on this site, please read the following pages: 1.
In these species, both males and females are physically aggressive, but male-on-male physical aggression is related to competition for mates and is more severe and deadly than female-on-female aggression, which is related to competition for food Smuts, 1987. Indeed, men sometimes sexually harass women in pursuit of short-term sexual relationships Browne, 2006 , and women subsequently experience distress and anger that function to prevent these unwanted attempts, especially when the harassment comes from high power, low status men e. The age of consent in Germany is 14 if both partners are under 18 but at least 14. This makes it more difficult for the mother to clear the baby's breathing passageways, to make sure the umbilical cord isn't wrapped around the neck, and to pull the baby free without bending its body the wrong way. In the case of parental divorce, adoptees have been found to respond differently from children who have not been adopted. PDF from the original on 9 October 2022.
After legal finalization, the disruption process is usually initiated by adoptive parents via a Ad hoc studies performed in the U. The Development and Standardization of Psychometric Criteria of Attitude toward Adoption Questionnaire ATAQ and its Relation to Prosocial Behavior and Character Strengths, International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences IJABS ,6 1 ,1-12. The behavior is performed as a prelude to nursing, so it requires no special trips to the nest. As a consequence — research indicates — disparaging views of adoptive families exist, along with doubts concerning the strength of their family bonds. Concerning developmental milestones, studies from the Colorado Adoption Project examined Similar mechanisms appear to be at work in the physical development of adoptees. Chaos at home disrupts a child's ability to learn social rules, as socially appropriate behaviors are reinforced by expectations set up with routines and rituals. Male rats do compete for estrous females with aggressive interactions Thor and Flannelly, 1979 , but males that are well acquainted with one another copulate successively with the same female without fighting McClintock, Anisko, and Adler, 1982.
Trivers 1972 , reasoned that the percentage of confidence might be the factor responsible. The parental investment hypothesis states that the size of coalitions and the physical strengths of its male members determines whether its activities with its foreign neighbors are aggressive or amiable. In a larger program, more revenue from tuition covers fixed costs—such as licensing fees, utilities, and program administrators—that do not vary based on the number of children enrolled. The Seasons of a man's life. Young adults under the age of 21 must either have a co-signer 21 or older or show proof usually a source of income that they can repay their credit card balance.
Understanding the True Cost of Child Care for Infants and Toddlers
Evolution and Human Behavior. In the later weeks of gestation, the fetus requires increasing nutrients as the growth of the brain increases. It is speculated by adoption researchers, however, that the reasons given are incomplete: although such information could be communicated by a third-party, interviews with adoptees, who sought reunion, found they expressed a need to actually meet biological relations. This controversy illustrates the problems in adoption, as well as the fact that coining new words and phrases to describe ancient social practices will not necessarily alter the feelings and experiences of those affected by them. Lifelong Issues in Adoption.
Retrieved 12 March 2006. Triad members often express feelings related to confused identity and identity crises because of differences between the triad relationships. Among monogamous species of primate, the sexes rarely differ in adult size or maturational pattern Leigh, 1995. Overall, the main role that males overtake is that of protection of the female and their young. In stable or predictable environments, K-selection predominates as the ability to K-selected organisms typically are very constant in number and close to the maximum that the environment can bear unlike r-selected populations, where population sizes can change much more rapidly. Swedish researchers found both international and domestic adoptees undertook suicide at much higher rates than non-adopted peers; with international adoptees and female international adoptees, in particular, at highest risk. New evidence suggests that Bonobo females protect and support the parturient".
