Robert Gagné was a renowned educational psychologist and instructional design expert who made significant contributions to the field of education and learning. He was born on July 7, 1916 in Lowell, Massachusetts and received his bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Massachusetts in 1939. He went on to earn his master's degree in psychology from the University of Illinois in 1941 and his Ph.D. in educational psychology from Columbia University in 1950.
Throughout his career, Gagné focused on developing theories and models for effective instruction and learning, with a particular emphasis on the role of cognition and motivation in the learning process. He is perhaps best known for his work on the nine events of instruction, which outlines the steps that educators should follow to design effective instructional materials and experiences for learners. According to Gagné, these events include:
Gaining the learner's attention: This step involves using methods such as personal relevance, novelty, and arousing curiosity to engage the learner's attention and interest.
Informing the learner of the objective: This step involves clearly communicating the learning goals and objectives to the learner.
Stimulating recall of prior learning: This step involves activating the learner's prior knowledge and skills, which can facilitate new learning.
Presenting the stimulus: This step involves presenting the instructional content or material to the learner in an organized and coherent manner.
Providing learning guidance: This step involves providing the learner with appropriate guidance and support to facilitate the learning process.
Eliciting performance: This step involves actively engaging the learner in applying their new knowledge and skills through practice and application.
Providing feedback: This step involves providing the learner with feedback on their performance to support learning and improvement.
Assessing performance: This step involves evaluating the learner's knowledge and skills through formal or informal assessments.
Enhancing retention and transfer: This step involves promoting long-term retention and transfer of learning through methods such as reinforcement, review, and application to real-world situations.
Gagné's work on the nine events of instruction has had a significant impact on the field of education and has influenced the development of many instructional design models and approaches. His theories and models have been widely applied in a variety of contexts, including classroom instruction, workplace training, and online learning.
In addition to his work on the nine events of instruction, Gagné also made significant contributions to the field of learning theory and developed a number of other influential models and frameworks. These include the Conditions of Learning, which outlines the factors that facilitate or inhibit learning, and the Differentiated Model of Giftedness and Talent, which identifies the characteristics and abilities of gifted and talented individuals.
Throughout his career, Gagné received numerous awards and accolades for his contributions to the field of education. He was recognized as a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and was a member of the National Academy of Education. He received the American Educational Research Association's Outstanding Research Award in 1984 and the David S. Palermo Award for Career Contributions to Educational Psychology in 1992.
Robert Gagné passed away on April 28, 2002, but his legacy as a pioneer in the field of educational psychology and instructional design lives on. His theories and models continue to influence the way educators design and deliver instruction, and his contributions have had a lasting impact on the field of education.
Robert Mills Gagne: The Father Of Instructional Technology
Be specific and use the language of the model to frame your discussion. Retrieved from Virginia Tech, School of Education. La intención de este psicólogo estadounidense era comprender el proceso de aprendizaje de las personas con el objetivo de diseñar programas de enseñanza que fueran más eficaces. Elicit performance practice Have students apply what they have learned to reinforce new skills and knowledge and to confirm correct understanding of course concepts. Among them are: The Conditions of Learning 1965, 1970, 1977, 1985 , perhaps already viewed as a classic text; Principles of Instructional Design with L. These results can be classified into five different categories: intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, verbal information, attitudes, and motor skills. Department of the Air Force.
This fully online program is designed for individuals interested in learning more about the ADDIE model. Rule: the capacity to make connections between concepts and objects. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. . Limited time in class often means that there are limited opportunities to enhance memory retention as well as practice applying skills taught to new situations.
6.2: Robert Gagné And The Systematic Design Of Instruction
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1783 1 , 1—21. Providing feedback is the seventh activity, and it asks the teacher to reinforce learning through, for example, informing pupils of the level of error or correctness of their performance Nadhirin, 2019. Training Research and Education. Taxonomy of Learning Outcomes Gagné posited that not all learning is equal and each distinct learning domain should be presented and assessed differently. These phases are discussed more in-depth in their respective chapters. We aim to ensure that students recall important information and demonstrate a strong performance. For example, employees in auto manufacturing may not be meeting company-defined benchmarks due to poor training, but it could also be due to poorly defined processes that take too much time to complete.
The five steps for designing instruction were: Analyze system requirements; Define education training requirements; Develop objectives and tests; Plan, develop, and validate instruction; and Conduct and evaluate instruction. Una de las múltiples teorías que han surgido respecto al proceso de aprendizaje es la teoría del aprendizaje de Robert Gagné. Más adelante, fue asignado a la escuela de oficiales en Miami Beach; pero pronto fue ascendido a teniente segundo, y asignado a la Escuela de Medicina de Aviación, en Fort Worth, Texas. En 1949, este psicólogo aceptó una oferta para unirse a una organización dentro de las Fuerzas Aéreas que más tarde se convertiría en el Centro de Investigación para el Entrenamiento del Personal de las Fuerzas Aéreas. Son, en definitiva, predisposiciones que nos inclinan más hacia una opción o hacia otra y que moldean nuestra manera de comportarnos. Following the opportunity to practice the new knowledge or skill events five, six, and seven , learner performance is assessed.
Performance in an online module can be elicited by assigning students to perform meaningful tasks related to the content by giving them clear and concise directions on accomplishing the activities. Subsequently, the tutor should provide learning guidance to learners by ensuring that the triggers given are meaningful; it uses concrete instances of abstract concepts and terms relating ideas to those of previous instruction events. For example, distinguishing when to use a Phillips-head or a flat-head screwdriver. The nine events do not need to be followed exactly, but can instead be tailored for each topic. The external environment includes the various stimulus found outside a student, such as a teacher and the surrounding. Where did the field originate? Preparing the framework ahead of time allows each event to be placed in an appropriate place as well as content to be organized in a meaningful way. These consist of both internal and external conditions that affect the student during his or her learning journey.
Robert M. Gagné: biografía y teoría constructivista del aprendizaje
Este psicólogo estadounidense consideraba que el conocimiento se crea debido a la interrelación entre una persona y el ambiente en el que se encuentra. It allows them to actively navigate the instruction and know where they are supposed to end up. In 1959, he participated in the prestigious Woods Hole Conference, a gathering of outstanding educators, psychologists, mathematicians and other scientists from the United States in response to the Soviet Union launching the Sputnik satellite. His articles in the Phi Delta Kappan May 1970 on new views on learning and instruction and in Educational Psychologist May 1968 on learning hierarchies are significant manuscripts. Así, Gagné hablaba de cinco tipos de nuevas respuestas que es posible generar cuando nos encontramos con una situación que lo requiere.
They did not have the luxury of time—the training needed to be done quickly, effectively, and efficiently. En este libro, expuso su teoría sobre los diferentes tipos de aprendizaje que creía que existían. Reinforcements or a conditioned response can be used to promote the desired attitude. Gagné's approach to learning and instruction, especially the instructional systems design approach, was sometimes criticized as most appropriate for mastery learning of information and intellectual skill objectives, but less suited for attitude and cognitive strategy outcomes. This event also offers examples of correct performance in the form of graphs or case studies.
Part skills are taught with clear instructions such as diagrams, checklists and even pictures to help the learner move in the right direction. Este psicólogo estadounidense trabajó en muchos ámbitos. An effective teacher must recognize that both internal and external conditions affect learning. Alejandro Rodríguez Puerta es un psicólogo y coach titulado por la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, que compatibiliza su trabajo en el campo de la salud mental humana con sus labores como escritor y divulgador. The theorist adds chaining to this list and describes it as an approach in which the learner links individual relationships in a sequence. According to Hodge 2010 , the key component of an effective lesson is when the teacher understands and knows about the topic. Based on the results of the analyses, the instructional designer clarifies the instructional problem and identifies the instructional goals and objectives.
They could also watch a video or a demonstration of the concept in question. Habilidades intelectuales Las habilidades intelectuales incluyen todos aquellos procesos en los que es necesario utilizar nuestra inteligencia para resolver un problema, interpretar la realidad, o crear o comprender símbolos. The following instruction asks pupils to recall what they were taught previously by naturally relating it with the current subject matter. The approach focuses on purposeful education that happens in specific training programs and schools. Intellectual skills have their own hierarchical structure within the Gagné taxonomy and are broken down into discrimination, concrete concepts, rule using, and problem solving. Durante este tiempo, además, continuó trabajando como jefe de investigación para las Fuerzas Aéreas, comenzando allí su carrera en el desarrollo de teorías educativas.
Robert Gagné and the Systematic Design of Instruction
Each of the nine events of instruction is highlighted below, followed by sample methods to help implement the events in your own instruction. Event four: Present the stimulus material. Los cinco tipos de aprendizaje descritos por Robert M. This not only helps them achieve the specific expectations related to the learning goal, but also internally motivates them to complete each task. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. They will also need to decide on the types of learning experiences and activities they want the learner to engage in.
