Endogamy is a social practice in which people marry within a specific group or social unit. This group could be defined by cultural, religious, or ethnic ties, or it could be based on social class or other shared characteristics. Endogamy is the opposite of exogamy, which refers to the practice of marrying outside of one's group.
Endogamy has a long history, and it has been practiced in many different societies around the world. In some cases, endogamy is a traditional or cultural practice that has been passed down for generations. In other cases, it may be a more recent development, driven by a desire to maintain cultural or religious traditions or to strengthen social ties within a specific group.
There are many reasons why people may choose to practice endogamy. For some, endogamy is a way to maintain cultural traditions and to ensure that their children will be raised in a certain cultural or religious context. For others, endogamy is a way to strengthen social bonds within a group and to ensure that resources and support are shared within the community.
Endogamy can also have economic benefits. For example, in some societies, endogamy may be used to preserve and protect the wealth and resources of a particular group. By marrying within the group, individuals can help to ensure that resources are not dissipated or lost to outsiders.
Endogamy can also have negative consequences, however. In some cases, endogamy may be used to maintain social hierarchy or to perpetuate discrimination and inequality. For example, in some societies, endogamy has been used to maintain caste systems or to keep certain groups in positions of power and privilege. In other cases, endogamy may be used to restrict the freedom and choices of individuals, particularly women.
Overall, endogamy is a complex social practice that has both positive and negative consequences. While it can be a way to maintain cultural traditions and strengthen social bonds, it can also be used to perpetuate discrimination and restrict the freedom and choices of individuals.
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The importance of this concept can be shown in the model below from J. By implementing this strategy, countries have the possibility to enrich the internal budget and import commodities manufactured abroad. Many of the Latin American countries continued with import substitution industrialization, just expanding its scope. Examined empirical evidences also reveal that Export-oriented Industrialization was particularly the characteristic of the economic development of the Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore in the post World War II period. Thus, this phenomenon in addition to supporting the export oriented industrialization process it helps countries to improve their current account balance in Balance of payment problem Jacob, Atta ; Keith R. This is mainly because the doctrines are likely to exclude international learning among countries.
Topic Export Oriented Industrialization on Export Portal
In those cases he analyzed, how effective import tariffs for developing countries were in their economic development Bairoch, 1972, p. Export-led growth implies opening domestic markets to foreign competition in exchange for market access in other countries. Second, Income from export is not a reliable source for economic development for developing countries. Export Oriented Industrialization In Developing Countries. And empirical evidences show that the doctrines of comparative advantage and free trade benefit the advanced countries only.
The low terms of trade in international market for primary goods from former colonies and the determination to get out of severe poverty and register sustained growth, were the main reasons for the diversification of the narrow structure of the colonial economy. Twenty-three of these workers were reinterviewed in 1976 by a research assistant. This is something which occurred during the financial crisis of 2007ā08 and subsequent global recession. He mentioned that United Kingdom registered its fastest growth during the period 1860 ā 1880. After coming to the zone, most experienced a lengthy period as trainees at reduced pay. Qu'est-ce que la Export-Oriented Industrialization? Risks of Export Oriented Industrialization Economists and other experts have repeatedly criticized export-oriented industrialization EOI as a strategy.
Export Oriented Industrialization In Developing Countries
Among its exports, electronic equipment tops the list with gems, precious metals, machines, medical equipment, and clothing going down the list. Raw materials are another export option. And the scope for diversification is too narrow, and these conditions put developing countries to have vulnerable dependence on international market. In support of this, it is argued, that many people have argued that Infant industry protection was precisely the industrial development strategy that was pursued by countries like the US and Germany during their rapid industrial development before the turn of the 20th century. Import substitution strategy is designed to produce few luxury consumer goods for domestic consumption behind a very high tariff wall.
It then explains the drawbacks of export oriented industrialization, on export dependence countries, in Section 3. Manufactured goods are the exports most commonly used to achieve export-led growth. However, many times these industries are competing against industrialized countries' industries, which often have better technology, better educated workers, and more capital to start with. In all the cases he analyzed, free trade has a positive effect on developed countries while it lets the least developed countries to suffer. Limitations Despite its support in mainstream economic circles, its success has been increasingly challenged over recent years due to a growing number of examples in which it has not yielded the expected results. The question is what future growth models will look like.
By virtue of this connection to Japanese commercial networks, South Korean firms had "access to export markets that virtually no other countryāexcept Taiwanāenjoyed. Other criticisms include that export oriented industrialization has limited success if the economy is experiencing a decline in its terms of trade, where prices for its exports are rising at a slower rate than that of its imports. In addition, next-generation growth policies will have to target smaller firms and mostly domestic services, and find ways to increase their productivity. This being the fact, it is only after decolonization and end of world War II that, developing countries consciously adopted industrialization strategies for economic development purposes and as a solution, from their vulnerable dependence on export of few primary products and import of high valued manufactured goods Brisbane, 1980. Export-oriented industrialization was particularly characteristic of the development of the national economies of the Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore in the post-World War II period. He argued: given the differences in the existing economic, productive and labor market structures between the periphery and the center in the application of technology in traded goods and in the market structures; oligopoly vs.
To mention some of them, as dependency theorists argue: first, export dependent developing countries cause chaos on the long-term economic planning capacity of a nation-state Barratt-Brown Prebisch as these countries have little or no control over the market, to allow sustained economic growth through stable revenue. This types of products are produced by local manufacturers with one single aim: to be delivered on the international market. Most found that a large percentage of their income was necessary just to cover the cost of food and housing. Then section 4, empirically examines how EOI contributes to economic development and the conclusions are presented in section 5. Hong Kong and its exports of goods and services add up to 219. However, as many economists agree, the process of economic development is very complex, as it depends on large number of variables such as political system, socio economic structure, capital accumulation both physical and human , trade, price fluctuations, and income distribution, and even more on geographical characteristics.
This may well be true as export oriented economies make profits and allow the trigger effect which affects productivity and in turn supports more exports. Cambridge Journal of Economics. EOI can be considered as one of the key processes for developing countries export economy. Devaluation increases the value of imports, while it gives options for exporters to choose either to reduce the prices of their products or to keep them as they are, to increase their profit margin. DefiniĆ§Ć£o: IndustrializaĆ§Ć£o na direĆ§Ć£o da exportaĆ§Ć£o Related Terms.
Significance of Policies on EOI The role of complementary policies for effectiveness of export oriented industrialization is undeniable. These products are tangible ones, created from the conversion of raw materials into consumable or useful products. This paper will critically examine how export oriented industrialization is essential for economic growth in developing countries, if it can be backed up by appropriate policies on trade, industrial policy and exchange rate policy, geared for that purpose. Many developing countries, such as Mexico, South Africa and Sudan use this economic strategy in trade development. Even after training, most received only the minimum wage or slightly more. Hell, the Americans were so desperate at the time you could just tease them with empty promises and Henry Ford would be still be rimming your asshole just so he can build one or two factories in Russia. Product diversity is another reason why EOI failed in the 1997 Asian financial crisis.
Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review. A coherent execution of industrial policy requires a coordinated approach to trade policies. As many of the export oriented industrializations in these countries are owned by multinational corporations, and large portion of revenue from such sources are not repatriated, to be used for re-investment Jaffee, 1985. In such a country, the productivity growth of export goods is greater than the proportional wage growth and the productivity growth of non-tradable goods. Importance Export-led growth is important for mainly two reasons. The ability of a government to do this may be limited as it will not have occurred through the natural interaction of market forces of supply and demand. EOI strategy strives to find a niche in the world economy for a certain type of export.
