Kubrin and weitzer 2003. 17 Kubrin CE Weitzer R 2003 New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory 2022-12-14
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Kubrin and Weitzer's 2003 article, "Explaining Inner-City Gun Violence: A Test of Differential Association and Social Disorganization Theories," was published in the journal Criminology. The authors set out to examine the relative importance of two sociological theories in explaining gun violence in inner-city neighborhoods: differential association theory and social disorganization theory.
Differential association theory, developed by Edwin Sutherland in the 1940s, posits that people learn criminal behavior through interactions with others who engage in such behavior. According to this theory, the more an individual is exposed to criminal behavior, the more likely they are to engage in it themselves.
Social disorganization theory, on the other hand, suggests that crime and deviance are more likely to occur in neighborhoods that are characterized by a lack of social cohesion and a breakdown of social institutions, such as the family, schools, and religious organizations.
Kubrin and Weitzer used data from the National Youth Survey, a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States, to test the validity of these two theories in predicting gun violence in inner-city neighborhoods. The authors found that both differential association and social disorganization were significant predictors of gun violence, but that differential association had a stronger effect. This suggests that exposure to criminal behavior and social ties to deviant peers may be more important in understanding gun violence in inner-city neighborhoods than the broader social and structural factors captured by social disorganization theory.
However, the authors also note that their study has several limitations, including the reliance on self-reported data and the difficulty in disentangling the relative importance of individual-level and contextual factors. Despite these limitations, their findings provide valuable insights into the complex factors that contribute to gun violence in inner-city neighborhoods and highlight the importance of considering both individual-level and contextual factors in understanding and addressing this pressing social issue.
New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory by Charis E. Kubrin, Ronald Weitzer :: SSRN
Hence, it is analysed from distinct dimensions of the literature that an excessive amount of revenge could lead the humans towards the terrorist activities. I co-organized an NSF-funded workshop, Realigning California Corrections: Legacies of the Past, the Great Experiment, and Trajectories for the Future. In this review, we use three historical periods of interest pre-Durkheim, Durkheim, post-Durkheim to organize basic findings in the body of so- ciological knowledge regarding suicide. In some theories, the use of revenge by people to restore justice has been hypothesized as beneficial to the psychology of other people who could possibly inflict harm. In this regard, September 11, 2001 is being considered as the warning event for the survival of humanity. In addition, revenge is an inference and it is regardless of the fact that the individuals who are making the inference are the harm-doers themselves.
Legal Implication of Revenge Killing and its Relation to Terrorist Ideologies
Other examples are included in high and low brow motion pictures like The Virgin Spring, Kill Bill and The Godfather Zaibert, 2006. One of the most important psychological implications of revenge is that there is no objective standard for the declaration of an act that has been motivated by revenge White, 2008. The first adaptive function of revenge is that the mere possibility of revenge discourages the wrong doers to inflict harm upon someone White, 2008. According to Kubrin and Weitzer 2003 , almost 20% of the homicides in the United States have been motivated by revenge. This article addresses these problems and charts some promising new directions in social disorganization theory.
Gangstas, Thugs, and Hustlas: Identity and the Code of the Street in Rap Music on JSTOR
Revenge has been defined as both an act physical and desire emotional. New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory. It is also important to understand that their political, historical, cultural, economy, religious and ideological background as well as the motives and causes behind their terrorist activities. This revenge can be related to both the lost comradeships and the ideological injustices which have been disturbed by Another very famous and most practiced type of a terrorism activity is suicide terrorism which has been known to be motivated by revenge Klausen, 2015. The motivation behind the act of revenge is to see the oppressor suffer and the motivation behind punishment is to improve the future behaviour of the oppressor. In addition, authorities must highlight that the cost of revenge through terrorist actions is high.
These issues are examined through content analysis of 403 songs on rap albums from 1992 to 2000. In contrast to this, the reductions in revenge motivations on a given day were seen to be related to a higher amount of satisfaction from life as well as increased positivity in moods and fewer psychosomatic symptoms in the future Bono et al. Most of the current literature presents the outcomes of terrorist activities such as the consequences of terrorism for the survival of world and humanity. There might be various kinds of terrorist groups who of course will have different kinds of motivations like the right-wing to the government group, the nationalist or the separatist group, the social, revolutionary or the religious and fundamentalist group. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
(PDF) Deindustrialization, Disadvantage and Suicide among Young Black Males
Louis, Missouri, and narrative accounts of homicide incidents, we find that a certain type of homicide what we call "cultural retaliatory homicide" is more common in some neighborhoods than in others due to the combined effects of economic disadvantage, neighborhood cultural responses to disadvantage, and problematic policing. Council on Criminal Justice. Messner, Glenn Deane, Kelly McGeever, and Thomas D. The revengers will take laws form their hands which resulted to destroy of lives and properties. Excessively, revenge could be explained in simplest form as an act of hurting a person as a reaction of the injustice done by the same person. However, the findings of the study by Carlsmith et al.
Retaliatory Homicide: Concentrated Disadvantage and Neighborhood Culture
Revenge is further defined as a harmful action that is done against a person or group as a retaliation to those who wronged them which might be real or perceived White, 2008. Instead of automatically responding to injustice and transgression, some victims will more likely compare the relative costs and benefits that are associated with revenge and then plan out a revenge scene; and if the negative effect of revenge is higher than its benefits, the victims will choose other methods of coping with the aggression inflicted on them. These acts of revenge killing are not just restricted to blood feud cultures. Introduction The history of terrorism is as old as the existence of human beings Merari and Friedland, 1985. Using quantitative data… Expand.
trivial transgressions eg Kubrin and Weitzer 2003 Under these circum stances
The present study takes up this challenge by examining both structural and cultural influences on one underexamined type of homicide: retaliatory killings. In order to understand the exact motives behind terrorist actions, whether committed by a group or individual, researchers must have a clear psychological profile of terrorists. It has become familiar to millions through a diverse publishing program that includes scholarly works in all academic disciplines, bibles, music, school and college textbooks, business books, dictionaries and reference books, and academic journals. This means that in contrast to revenge, anger and resentment are affective rather than behavioural responses. Researching Theories of Crime and Deviance. Kubrin, and Nicholas Scurich.
17 Kubrin CE Weitzer R 2003 New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory
Since revenge is an inference, various individuals can disagree on whether the same actions are revenge Zaibert, 2006. According to McCullough 2008 , evolutionary psychologists state that there are three main adaptive functions that revenge serves. In addition, it will also help to develop counter radicalisation and de-radicalisation programmes in both Muslim-majority and non-Muslim majority states. Zatz, and Ramiro Martinez, Jr. Those knowledgeable of the honor code recognize how to comport oneself properly in public, how to circumvent serious confrontations without losing respect, and the appropriate strategies to manage interpersonal conflicts, 8 BERG ET AL.
[PDF] New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory
One of the main reasons for vengeance is that the individual who is taking revenge thinks that the culprit will not be severely punished as deterrence to other and lesson to the culprit in particular Rainsford, 2006. Professor of Criminology, Law and Society Ph. It is also discussed psychological and sociological background of revenge and its implication. Generally, an individual will be initially attracted to a potential terrorist group when he or she experiences differences in terms of radicalization as well as collective identity, which in turn will lead the individual to be a part of a group which will carry out terrorist activities Chase, 2013. In the history of mankind, especially during the middle Ages, this act of vengeance or violence in the form of revenge persisted for generations in a retaliatory cycle Fletcher, 2003. Apart from this, strong desires for revenge and a greater willingness to take revenge from the transgressors has been known to be related to symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder as well as psychiatric illness and indisposition.
