Nonexperimental research methods consist of which of the following. Research Final Flashcards 2022-12-29
Nonexperimental research methods consist of which of the following Rating:
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Nonexperimental research methods consist of a variety of techniques used to study a phenomenon without manipulating variables or controlling the environment in which the study is conducted. These methods are often used in the social and behavioral sciences to study relationships, attitudes, and behaviors in a natural setting. Some common types of nonexperimental research methods include:
Survey research: Survey research involves collecting data through self-report instruments, such as questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can be administered in person, over the phone, or online, and are often used to study attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
Case study: Case studies involve in-depth, detailed examination of a single individual, group, or organization. Case studies can be qualitative or quantitative, and are often used to explore unique or unusual situations or to gain insight into a particular phenomenon.
Observational research: Observational research involves observing and collecting data on individuals or groups without manipulating the environment or the subjects being studied. Observational research can be conducted in a natural setting, such as a school or a workplace, or in a laboratory setting, such as an observation room.
Correlational research: Correlational research involves examining the relationship between two or more variables. This type of research is often used to identify patterns or trends in data, but it does not allow for causality to be established.
Historical research: Historical research involves examining past events or phenomena using primary sources, such as documents, artifacts, or records. Historical research is often qualitative in nature and is used to gain insight into the past and to understand the context in which events occurred.
Nonexperimental research methods have a number of advantages, including the ability to study naturalistic environments and behaviors, the ability to study a wide range of subjects, and the ability to collect data over a long period of time. However, these methods also have limitations, such as the inability to establish causality and the potential for biased or self-reported data.
6.1 Overview of Non
For example, a poorly designed experiment that includes many confounding variables can be lower in internal validity than a well-designed quasi-experiment with no obvious confounding variables. But, using this design it is unclear what is causing these differences. Correlational research can help to "paint a broad picture" of the current state of some phenomenon 1. A handwriting expert believes the writing matches other samples that have already been traced to this man. This is an example of which type of reliability? Correlational research that focuses on statistical relationships between variables that are measured but not manipulated, and observational research in which participants are observed and their behavior is recorded without the researcher interfering or manipulating any variables. Debriefing must occur any time one does a case study Which of the following explains the use of probability sampling? The researcher can determine the level of statistical significance 1.
The most common type of non-experimental research conducted in psychology is correlational research. However, longitudinal studies are by definition more time consuming and so require a much greater investment on the part of the researcher and the participants. First, cross-sectional research involves comparing two or more pre-existing groups of people. Internal validity is also only one of several validities that one might consider, as noted in Chapter 5. Non-experimental correlational research is lowest in internal validity because these designs fail to use manipulation or control.
When to Use Non-Experimental Research As we saw in the last chapter , experimental research is appropriate when the researcher has a specific research question or hypothesis about a causal relationship between two variables—and it is possible, feasible, and ethical to manipulate the independent variable. A group of people found in most public institutions and private agencies who render a judgment as to whether experiments carried out in their facilities are free from risk C. For this reason, longitudinal studies in which one group of people is followed as they age offer a superior means of studying the effects of aging. All those who belong to the population being studied will share equally from the benefits the study produces C. Second, the most common type of non-experimental research conducted in Psychology is correlational research. All participants in the same study should receive an equal share of the benefits or subject payments B. Notice also in Figure 6.
Protect the anonymity of the participants that will be in the study C. The level of statistical significance and Type I error are the same thing. Have the human subjects committee review and approve the procedures B. If the goal is to explain and the research question pertains to causal relationships, then the experimental approach is typically preferred. Notice also in Figure 6. Imagine, for example, that a researcher administers the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to 50 American college students and 50 Japanese college students.
Cross-sectional studies involve comparing two or more pre-existing groups of people e. As another example, if we wanted to compare the memory test performance of a group of cannabis users with a group of non-users, this would be considered a cross-sectional study because for ethical and practical reasons we would not be able to randomly assign participants to the cannabis user and non-user groups. Qualitative data has a separate set of analysis tools depending on the research question. A group of people who review the literature produced by researchers in their institution in order to keep an accounting of it B. Further, by following the different age groups over time they can subsequently determine whether the original differences they found across the age groups are due to true age effects or cohort effects. The study by Loftus and Pickrell described at the beginning of this chapter is also a good example of observational research. Correlational research is a very effective means of establishing casual relationships.
The scattergram of pipe smoking and eye color. Types of Non-Experimental Research Non-experimental research falls into two broad categories: correlational research and observational research. But as you will learn in this chapter, many observational research studies are more qualitative in nature. Based on this information, what should you question about the diary? Of course, the primary limitation of using this design to study the effects of aging is that differences between the groups other than age may account for differences in the dependent variable. Which of the following examples shows a positive or direct correlation? All groups involved in a study should eventually be given an opportunity to receive any treatments that were found to be effective in the stud What is the best definition of an institutional review board? Experimental research tends to be highest in internal validity because the use of manipulation of the independent variable and control of extraneous variables help to rule out alternative explanations for the observed relationships. To what does the term internal validity refer? For instance, differences between the groups may reflect the generation that people come from a cohort effect rather than a direct effect of age. If the researcher simply asked participants whether they made daily to-do lists or not, then the independent variable it is experimenter-selected and the study is cross-sectional.
Quasi-experimental research which will be described in more detail in a subsequent chapter falls in the middle because it contains some, but not all, of the features of a true experiment. Professor Russel wants to examine the effectiveness of his new reading instruction method for third graders. Correlational research is a type of descriptive research. It stands to reason, therefore, that non-experimental research is appropriate—even necessary—when these conditions are not met. But the two approaches can also be used to address the same research question in complementary ways. Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, and Cross-Sequential Studies When psychologists wish to study change over time for example, when developmental psychologists wish to study aging they usually take one of three non-experimental approaches: cross-sectional, longitudinal, or cross-sequential. They each rate observed behaviors using the same form and the number of items that were rated the same is calculated.
Rather than measuring differences between people in different age groups or following the same people over a long period of time, researchers adopting this approach choose a smaller period of time during which they follow people in different age groups. Non-experimental research is research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable. A groundbreaking study using Facebook B. Once again, cross-sectional designs are also commonly used to study sex differences. You have a diary thought to be written by a confederate soldier during the Civil War. The distinction that will be made in this book is that, rather than comparing two or more pre-existing groups of people as is done with cross-sectional research, correlational research involves correlating two continuous variables groups are not formed and compared. Or perhaps people who are more conscientious are more likely to make to-do lists and less likely to be stressed.
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